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Glossary of Japanese Terms - Japanese Lookup
| Japanese Word |
Phonetic Pronunciation |
English Translation |
| age |
ah-gay |
upward |
| aikido |
i-key-do |
martial art: "the way of hamony" |
| anza |
anza |
informal sitting |
| arigato gozaimashita |
a-re-ga to go-ze-mash ta |
formal ‘thank you very much’ |
| arigato |
a-re-ga to |
informal ‘thank you’ |
| ashi |
ash-e |
Foot or step |
| ate |
ah-ta |
strike |
| barai |
bar-e |
sweep |
| benjo |
ben-jo |
bathroom |
| bo |
bo |
long staff, about 6 feet long |
| bogu |
bo-goo |
chest protector |
| bojitsu |
bo-jit-sue |
the art of the bo |
| boken |
bo-ken |
wooden sword |
| bokuto |
bo-kew-to |
wooden sword |
| boshi |
bo-she |
hat |
| bushido |
boo-she-do |
the ‘way of the warrior’ |
| chojo |
cho-jo |
senior in a dojo |
| chudan |
chew-don |
middle position |
| chui |
chewy |
warning penalty |
| daisho |
di-show |
traditional two sword set |
| dan |
Don, or dan |
blackbelt rank, literally "man" |
| do |
do |
way |
| do ita simasi te |
do eta simash ta |
you are welcome |
| dojo |
do-jo |
place to study the way, literally "way place" |
| dojo kun |
do-jo kun |
school principles |
| domo arigato |
do-mo a-re-ga to |
thank you very much |
| dozo |
do zo |
Please, or please come in |
| dozo osakini |
do zo o-sak-in-e |
please go before me |
| empi |
em-pe |
elbow |
| gaeshi |
ga-ishe |
turn upside down |
| gedan |
ga-don |
lower position |
| genki deska |
gen-ke deska |
‘I am fine’ |
| geri |
gere (garý) |
kick |
| gi |
ge |
martial arts uniform |
| gokyo |
go-que |
five fundamental teachings |
| gomen nassai |
go men na si |
‘I am sorry’ |
| goshinjitsu |
Go shin jit sue |
art of self defense |
| gyaku uchi |
Ga-que ooche |
reverse strike |
| hai |
hi |
yes |
| haishi |
hi-she |
back of hand |
| hajime |
ha-ji-ma |
begin |
| hajime mashite |
ha-ji-ma ma-she-ta |
How do you do? |
| hakama |
ha-ka-ma |
traditional leggings for aikido |
| handaken |
han da ken |
four finger knuckle |
| hansoko |
han so ko |
disqualification |
| hantai |
han ti |
call for decision in sparring |
| happiken |
hape ken |
name of kata: to use the elbow like a monkey in eight directions |
| hara |
hara |
center line or stomach |
| hasso |
has-so |
upright posture |
| hidari |
hi dar e |
left |
| hikiwake |
hi-ke-wa-ka |
draw, as in draw a sword |
| hineri |
hin-ar-e |
twist |
| hirate |
hir-at-a |
open hand |
| hita |
he-ta |
down |
| hiza geri |
heza gere |
knee kick |
| hoko kata |
hoko kata |
walking form |
| ima |
e-ma |
now, at once |
| isogi |
i-so-ge |
hurry up |
| iye |
e-a |
no |
| ippon |
i-pon |
full point |
| irashimaste |
ir ashe masta |
welcome |
| irimi |
ir-e-me |
bringing the opponent close |
| jigotai |
ji-go-ti |
defensive stance |
| jigohontai |
ji-go-hon- ti |
fundamental defensive stance |
| jikun |
ji-kun |
time, time’s up |
| jo |
jo |
short ( about 4 foot) staff or walking stick |
| joseki |
jo-sek-e |
upper place in dojo (right side of shoman) |
| ju |
ju |
gentle, or the number ten |
| judo |
Ju do |
martial art; "gentle way" |
| kai |
ki |
association |
| kaiso |
ki-so |
the founder of the style |
| kama |
kama |
sickle, a martial arts weapon |
| kamae |
kama |
guard |
| kamaete |
ko-mi-e-ta |
prepare to begin |
| karatedo |
kar-a-ta-do |
empty hands way |
| karateka |
kar-a-ta-ka |
a student of karatedo |
| kata |
kata |
form, shoulder |
| kata-juji-jime |
kata- ju-ge-jima |
cross arm choke |
| katana |
ka-ta-na |
Japanese long sword |
| keiko |
ke-ko |
practice |
| keirei |
ke-ra |
ceremonial bow |
| kekomi |
ka-ko-me |
thrusting kick |
| kendo |
ken-do |
martial art: "way of the sword" |
| kentsui |
kent-su-e |
hammer fist |
| ki |
ke |
inner energy, spirit |
| kiai |
Ke-i |
vocal expression of ki |
| kiotsuke |
ke-oat-su-ka |
attention |
| kohira ni |
ko-hir-a knee |
this way |
| kochira no kachi |
ko-chir-a no kache |
winner of the match |
| kodomo |
ko-do-mo |
children |
| kogeki |
ko-ga-ke |
offensive |
| kohai |
ko-hi |
lower kyu rank |
| koken |
ko-ken |
ridge hand |
| kokyu |
ko-que |
breathing |
| kon nichi wa |
ko neche wa |
good day |
| kote |
ko-ta |
forearm |
| kumbanwa |
kum-ban-wa |
greeting; "good evening" |
| kumite |
ku-me-ta |
multiple person prearranged fighting form |
| kuzushi |
ku-zu-she |
balance breaking |
| kyo |
koy-o |
principle |
| kyu |
que |
step or rank below black belt, literally "boy" |
| ma-ai |
mi-i |
proper distance |
| mae |
mi-a |
front |
| mae geri |
mi-a gere |
front kick |
| maede |
ma-da |
stop |
| makawara |
makawara |
striking board |
| masseki |
ma-se-ke |
left side of shoman; lower seat |
| mate |
mata |
wait |
| mawaru kata |
mawaru kata |
turning form |
| mawashi |
mawashe |
circular motion |
| mawashi geri |
mawashe gere |
roundhouse kick |
| men |
men |
head |
| migi |
mige |
right |
| migi mae mawaru |
mige mi-a mawaru |
right front turn |
| migi ushiro mawaru |
mige u-shear-u mawaru |
right back turn |
| mikazuki geri |
mika-zu-ke gere |
crescent kick |
| mizo ochi |
mizo oche |
solar plexus |
| moi ichi do |
moy-itch-e do |
"once again" |
| mokuso |
mo-ku-so |
meditate |
| morote |
mor ot |
double |
| morote neko ashi |
mor ot neko ash-e |
double cat step |
| mudansha |
mu-dan-sha |
ranks below black belt |
| nage |
na-ga |
throw |
| nage waza |
na-ga waza |
throwing techniques |
| naihanchin |
ni-han-chin |
sideways stance |
| naname |
na-na-ma |
angle |
| neko ashi |
neku ash-e |
cat step |
| nekozeken |
nekoo-ze-ken |
cat back wrist |
| Nihon |
ne-hon |
Japan (formal, archaic) |
| no |
no |
prefix meaning "of" |
| nukite |
ni-ku-ta |
spear hand |
| o genki deska |
o genke desk-a |
"are you fine?" |
| okake kudasai |
okaka kudasi |
have a seat |
| onegai shimasu |
o-negi shima-su |
"may I practice with you?" |
| obi |
o-be |
belt |
| oha yo |
o-hi-o |
‘good morning" |
| omedito gonzaimaste |
o-med-e-to go-zi-mas-ta |
congratulations |
| Osu |
oos, or os |
common greeting in karate: push ahead, yes, sir, never give up, a sign of respect, affirmation, recognition, etc. |
| otagai ni rei |
o-tag-na ne ra |
bow to each other |
| oyasu minassai |
oy-yas-u min-a-si |
"good night" |
| randori |
ran-dor-e |
free exercise |
| rei |
ra |
bow |
| ritsurei |
rit-soar-ra |
standing bow |
| ryu |
ru |
school |
| sai |
sigh |
three pronged martial arts weapon |
| samurai |
sam-ur-i |
knight of medieval Japan |
| sayonara |
si-o-nara |
"good bye" |
| seiken |
sa-ken |
horizontal punch |
| seinen |
sa-nen |
students age 16 and above |
| seiretsu |
sa-ret-su |
"line up" |
| seito |
sa-to |
student |
| seiza |
sa-za |
formal sitting position |
| seizarei |
sa-za-ra |
sitting bow |
| sempai |
sem-pi |
senior student, higher rank |
| sensei |
sen-sa |
teacher |
| sensei ni rei |
sen-sa ne ra |
bow to the teacher |
| shiai |
she-i |
sparring match or contest |
| shihan |
she-han |
leader of club or style |
| shinai |
shin-i |
bamboo practice sword |
| shinzen |
shin-zen |
place of honor |
| shisei |
she-sa |
posture or stances |
| shizen hontai dachi |
shi-zen hun-ti dache |
fundamental natural stance |
| shizentai |
shi-zen-ti |
natural stance |
| Shodan-Dai |
sho-dan di |
next in line for black belt |
| shomen |
sho-men |
Front, another name for place of honor |
| shonen |
sho-nen |
students 12 - 15 years old |
| Shorinjiryu |
shore-in-ji-roo |
the way of the great northern Shaolin Temple; a synthesis of Okinawan and Japanese philosophies and techniques which also reflects much of the Chinese influence on karate-do; a system which stresses rapid body movements, mobility, with emphasis upon the use of kumite, kata, and armor; originated by Kori Hisataka |
| shotei |
sho- ti |
heel of palm |
| shuriken |
shur-ri-ken |
throwing stars |
| shuto |
sho-to |
knife hand |
| so deska |
so deska |
"is that so?", sometimes "ah, so deska" |
| sonomama |
so-no-ma-ma |
"Freeze!" |
| sorematte |
sor-a-ma-ta |
"That’s all"; end |
| soshi |
so-she |
push |
| sotomata |
so-to-ma-ta |
open or outer |
| sukoshi |
su-ko-she |
a little |
| sumi |
su-me |
corner |
| suwari |
su-war-e |
sitting |
| tai |
ti |
body |
| tai-sabaki |
ti-sa-bake |
body turning movement |
| tanshiki kumite |
tan-she-ke |
single technique kumites |
| tanto |
tan-to |
knife less than 12 inches long |
| tatami |
ta-ta-me |
Japanese straw floor mat |
| tate ken |
ta-ta ken |
vertical fist |
| te |
ta |
hand |
| tegatana |
teg-a-tana |
cutting edge of hand or forearm |
| tenkai |
ten-ki |
turning motion |
| tori |
tor-e |
attacker |
| tsuki |
zu-ke |
thrust |
| tsushin |
zu-shin |
concentrating mind |
| uchimate |
oo-che-ma-ta |
closed stance |
| ude |
oo-day |
arm; forearm |
| uke |
oo-ka |
defender |
| ukemi |
oo-kem-e |
breakfall |
| unsoko |
un-so-ko |
basic foot movements |
| uraken |
ur-a-ken |
back fist |
| ushiro |
oo-sher-o |
back, behind |
| waki |
wa-ke |
by the side of |
| wakizashi |
wa-ka-za-she |
short (companion) sword |
| waza ari |
waza are |
half point |
| yame |
ya-ma |
"Stop!" |
| yang |
yang |
Active, male universal principle |
| yin |
yin |
Passive, female universal principle |
| yoko |
yo-ko |
side |
| yonen |
yo-nen |
youngest students |
| yoshi |
yoshe |
"continue" |
| yudansha |
yu-dan-sha |
black belts |
| yudansha kai |
yu-dan-sha ki |
an association of black belts |
| yukkuri |
yu-kure |
slowly |
| yumi-ashi |
yu-me ash-e |
normal walking |
| zanchin |
zan-chin |
"ending mind"; perfect completion |
| zarei |
zar-e |
more formal kneeling bow |
| zenshin |
zen-chin |
"preparing mind" |
| zori |
zor-e |
Japanese sandals |
Glossary of Japanese Terms - English Lookup
| English Translation |
Phonetic Pronunciation |
Japanese Word |
| a little |
su-ko-she |
sukoshi |
| a student of karatedo |
kar-a-ta-ka |
karateka |
| Active, male universal principle |
yang |
yang |
| an association of black belts |
yu-dan-sha ki |
yudansha kai |
| angle |
na-na-ma |
naname |
| are you fine? |
o genke desk-a |
o genki deska |
| arm; forearm |
oo-day |
ude |
| art of self defense |
Go shin jit sue |
goshinjitsu |
| association |
ki |
kai |
| attacker |
tor-e |
tori |
| attention |
ke-oat-su-ka |
kiotsuke |
| back fist |
ur-a-ken |
uraken |
| back of hand |
hi-she |
haishi |
| back, behind |
oo-sher-o |
ushiro |
| balance breaking |
ku-zu-she |
kuzushi |
| bamboo practice sword |
shin-i |
shinai |
| basic foot movements |
un-so-ko |
unsoko |
| bathroom |
ben-jo |
benjo |
| begin |
ha-ji-ma |
hajime |
| belt |
o-be |
obi |
| black belts |
yu-dan-sha |
yudansha |
| blackbelt rank, literally "man" |
Don, or dan |
dan |
| body |
ti |
tai |
| body turning movement |
ti-sa-bake |
tai-sabaki |
| bow |
ra |
rei |
| bow to each other |
o-tag-na ne ra |
otagai ni rei |
| bow to the teacher |
sen-sa ne ra |
sensei ni rei |
| breakfall |
oo-kem-e |
ukemi |
| breathing |
ko-que |
kokyu |
| bringing the opponent close |
ir-e-me |
irimi |
| by the side of |
wa-ke |
waki |
| call for decision in sparring |
han ti |
hantai |
| cat back wrist |
nekoo-ze-ken |
nekozeken |
| cat step |
neku ash-e |
neko ashi |
| center line or stomach |
hara |
hara |
| ceremonial bow |
ke-ra |
keirei |
| chest protector |
bo-goo |
bogu |
| children |
ko-do-mo |
kodomo |
| circular motion |
mawashe |
mawashi |
| closed stance |
oo-che-ma-ta |
uchimate |
| common greeting in karate: push ahead, yes, sir, never give up, a sign of respect, affirmation, recognition, etc. |
oos, or os |
Osu |
| concentrating mind |
zu-shin |
tsushin |
| congratulations |
o-med-e-to go-zi-mas-ta |
omedito gonzaimaste |
| continue |
yoshe |
yoshi |
| corner |
su-me |
sumi |
| crescent kick |
mika-zu-ke gere |
mikazuki geri |
| cross arm choke |
kata- ju-ge-jima |
kata-juji-jime |
| cutting edge of hand or forearm |
teg-a-tana |
tegatana |
| defender |
oo-ka |
uke |
| defensive stance |
ji-go-ti |
jigotai |
| disqualification |
han so ko |
hansoko |
| double |
mor ot |
morote |
| double cat step |
mor ot neko ash-e |
morote neko ashi |
| down |
he-ta |
hita |
| draw, as in draw a sword |
hi-ke-wa-ka |
hikiwake |
| elbow |
em-pe |
empi |
| empty hands way |
kar-a-ta-do |
karatedo |
| ending mind; perfect completion |
zan-chin |
zanchin |
| five fundamental teachings |
go-que |
gokyo |
| Foot or step |
ash-e |
ashi |
| forearm |
ko-ta |
kote |
| form, shoulder |
kata |
kata |
| formal ‘thank you very much’ |
a-re-ga to go-ze-mash ta |
arigato gozaimashita |
| formal sitting position |
sa-za |
seiza |
| four finger knuckle |
han da ken |
handaken |
| free exercise |
ran-dor-e |
randori |
| Freeze! |
so-no-ma-ma |
sonomama |
| front |
mi-a |
mae |
| front kick |
mi-a gere |
mae geri |
| Front, another name for place of honor |
sho-men |
shomen |
| full point |
i-pon |
ippon |
| fundamental defensive stance |
ji-go-hon- ti |
jigohontai |
| fundamental natural stance |
shi-zen hun-ti dache |
shizen hontai dachi |
| gentle, or the number ten |
ju |
ju |
| good bye |
si-o-nara |
sayonara |
| good day |
ko neche wa |
kon nichi wa |
| good morning |
o-hi-o |
oha yo |
| good night |
oy-yas-u min-a-si |
oyasu minassai |
| greeting; "good evening" |
kum-ban-wa |
kumbanwa |
| guard |
kama |
kamae |
| half point |
waza are |
waza ari |
| hammer fist |
kent-su-e |
kentsui |
| hand |
ta |
te |
| hat |
bo-she |
boshi |
| have a seat |
okaka kudasi |
okake kudasai |
| head |
men |
men |
| heel of palm |
sho- ti |
shotei |
| horizontal punch |
sa-ken |
seiken |
| How do you do? |
ha-ji-ma ma-she-ta |
hajime mashite |
| hurry up |
i-so-ge |
isogi |
| I am fine |
gen-ke deska |
genki deska |
| I am sorry |
go men na si |
gomen nassai |
| informal ‘thank you’ |
a-re-ga to |
arigato |
| informal sitting |
anza |
anza |
| inner energy, spirit |
ke |
ki |
| is that so?, sometimes ah, so deska |
so deska |
so deska |
| Japan (formal, archaic) |
ne-hon |
Nihon |
| Japanese long sword |
ka-ta-na |
katana |
| Japanese sandals |
zor-e |
zori |
| Japanese straw floor mat |
ta-ta-me |
tatami |
| kick |
gere (garý) |
geri |
| knee kick |
heza gere |
hiza geri |
| knife hand |
sho-to |
shuto |
| knife less than 12 inches long |
tan-to |
tanto |
| knight of medieval Japan |
sam-ur-i |
samurai |
| leader of club or style |
she-han |
shihan |
| left |
hi dar e |
hidari |
| left side of shoman; lower seat |
ma-se-ke |
masseki |
| line up |
sa-ret-su |
seiretsu |
| long staff, about 6 feet long |
bo |
bo |
| lower kyu rank |
ko-hi |
kohai |
| lower position |
ga-don |
gedan |
| martial art: "the way of hamony" |
i-key-do |
aikido |
| martial art: "way of the sword" |
ken-do |
kendo |
| martial art; "gentle way" |
Ju do |
judo |
| martial arts uniform |
ge |
gi |
| may I practice with you? |
o-negi shima-su |
onegai shimasu |
| meditate |
mo-ku-so |
mokuso |
| middle position |
chew-don |
chudan |
| more formal kneeling bow |
zar-e |
zarei |
| multiple person prearranged fighting form |
ku-me-ta |
kumite |
| name of kata: to use the elbow like a monkey in eight directions |
hape ken |
happiken |
| natural stance |
shi-zen-ti |
shizentai |
| next in line for black belt |
sho-dan di |
Shodan-Dai |
| no |
e-a |
iye |
| normal walking |
yu-me ash-e |
yumi-ashi |
| now, at once |
e-ma |
ima |
| offensive |
ko-ga-ke |
kogeki |
| once again |
moy-itch-e do |
moi ichi do |
| open hand |
hir-at-a |
hirate |
| open or outer |
so-to-ma-ta |
sotomata |
| Passive, female universal principle |
yin |
yin |
| place of honor |
shin-zen |
shinzen |
| place to study the way, literally "way place" |
do-jo |
dojo |
| please go before me |
do zo o-sak-in-e |
dozo osakini |
| Please, or please come in |
do zo |
dozo |
| posture or stances |
she-sa |
shisei |
| practice |
ke-ko |
keiko |
| prefix meaning "of" |
no |
no |
| prepare to begin |
ko-mi-e-ta |
kamaete |
| preparing mind |
zen-chin |
zenshin |
| principle |
koy-o |
kyo |
| proper distance |
mi-i |
ma-ai |
| push |
so-she |
soshi |
| ranks below black belt |
mu-dan-sha |
mudansha |
| reverse strike |
Ga-que ooche |
gyaku uchi |
| ridge hand |
ko-ken |
koken |
| right |
mige |
migi |
| right back turn |
mige u-shear-u mawaru |
migi ushiro mawaru |
| right front turn |
mige mi-a mawaru |
migi mae mawaru |
| roundhouse kick |
mawashe gere |
mawashi geri |
| school |
ru |
ryu |
| school principles |
do-jo kun |
dojo kun |
| senior in a dojo |
cho-jo |
chojo |
| senior student, higher rank |
sem-pi |
sempai |
| short ( about 4 foot) staff or walking stick |
jo |
jo |
| short (companion) sword |
wa-ka-za-she |
wakizashi |
| sickle, a martial arts weapon |
kama |
kama |
| side |
yo-ko |
yoko |
| sideways stance |
ni-han-chin |
naihanchin |
| single technique kumites |
tan-she-ke |
tanshiki kumite |
| sitting |
su-war-e |
suwari |
| sitting bow |
sa-za-ra |
seizarei |
| slowly |
yu-kure |
yukkuri |
| solar plexus |
mizo oche |
mizo ochi |
| sparring match or contest |
she-i |
shiai |
| spear hand |
ni-ku-ta |
nukite |
| standing bow |
rit-soar-ra |
ritsurei |
| step or rank below black belt, literally "boy" |
que |
kyu |
| stop |
ma-da |
maede |
| Stop! |
ya-ma |
yame |
| strike |
ah-ta |
ate |
| striking board |
makawara |
makawara |
| student |
sa-to |
seito |
| students 12 - 15 years old |
sho-nen |
shonen |
| students age 16 and above |
sa-nen |
seinen |
| sweep |
bar-e |
barai |
| teacher |
sen-sa |
sensei |
| thank you very much |
do-mo a-re-ga to |
domo arigato |
| That’s all; end |
sor-a-ma-ta |
sorematte |
| the ‘way of the warrior’ |
boo-she-do |
bushido |
| the art of the bo |
bo-jit-sue |
bojitsu |
| the founder of the style |
ki-so |
kaiso |
| the way of the great northern Shaolin Temple; a synthesis of Okinawan and Japanese philosophies and techniques which also reflects much of the Chinese influence on karate-do; a system which stresses rapid body movements, mobility, with emphasis upon the use of kumite, kata, and armor; originated by Kori Hisataka |
shore-in-ji-roo |
Shorinjiryu |
| this way |
ko-hir-a knee |
kohira ni |
| three pronged martial arts weapon |
sigh |
sai |
| throw |
na-ga |
nage |
| throwing stars |
shur-ri-ken |
shuriken |
| throwing techniques |
na-ga waza |
nage waza |
| thrust |
zu-ke |
tsuki |
| thrusting kick |
ka-ko-me |
kekomi |
| time, time’s up |
ji-kun |
jikun |
| traditional leggings for aikido |
ha-ka-ma |
hakama |
| traditional two sword set |
di-show |
daisho |
| turn upside down |
ga-ishe |
gaeshi |
| turning form |
mawaru kata |
mawaru kata |
| turning motion |
ten-ki |
tenkai |
| twist |
hin-ar-e |
hineri |
| upper place in dojo (right side of shoman) |
jo-sek-e |
joseki |
| upright posture |
has-so |
hasso |
| upward |
ah-gay |
age |
| vertical fist |
ta-ta ken |
tate ken |
| vocal expression of ki |
Ke-i |
kiai |
| wait |
mata |
mate |
| walking form |
hoko kata |
hoko kata |
| warning penalty |
chewy |
chui |
| way |
do |
do |
| welcome |
ir ashe masta |
irashimaste |
| winner of the match |
ko-chir-a no kache |
kochira no kachi |
| wooden sword |
bo-ken |
boken |
| wooden sword |
bo-kew-to |
bokuto |
| yes |
hi |
hai |
| you are welcome |
do eta simash ta |
do ita simasi te |
| youngest students |
yo-nen |
yonen |
Counting
| one |
ichi |
|
eleven |
ju-ichi |
|
twenty one |
ni-ju-ichi |
|
forty |
yon ju |
| two |
ni |
|
twelve |
ju-ni |
|
|
|
|
forty-four |
yonjushi |
| three |
san |
|
|
· |
|
|
· |
|
seventy |
nana ju |
| four |
ji |
|
|
· |
|
|
· |
|
seventy seven |
nana ju nana |
| five |
go |
|
|
· |
|
|
· |
|
one hundred |
hyaku |
| six |
roku |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| seven |
shichi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| eight |
hachi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| nine |
ku |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ten |
ju |
|
twenty |
ni-ju |
|
thirty |
san-ju |
|
|
|
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Nihon Takaiyama Karatedo Compendium, compiled by Renshi Al Hergenhan, January 13, 1995.
Essential Shorinjiryu Karatedo, Masayuki Hisataka, Charles E. Tuttle, Rutland, Vermont, 1994.
Scientific Karatedo, Masayuki Hisataka, Japan Publications, Inc., 1976.
Aikido Glossary, J. L. Merchant, December 7, 1988.
Shorinjiryu Kenryukan Handbook, Kyoshi Myron Lubitsch, Draft, January 2000.
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